history_module 管理学基础课件.ppt

College of Public Management SCAU History Module The Pre-modern Era Ancient massive construction projects Egyptian pyramids Great Wall of China Michelangelo, the manager? Adam Smith’s Contribution To The Field Of Management Wrote the Wealth of Nations（国富论） (1776) Advocated the economic advantages that organizations and society would reap from the division of labor（劳动分工）: Increased productivity by increasing each worker’s skill and dexterity. Time saved that is commonly lost in changing tasks. The creation of labor-saving inventions and machinery. The Industrial Revolution’s Influence On Management Practices Industrial revolution（工业革命） Machine power began to substitute for human power Lead to mass production of economical goods Improved and less costly transportation systems became available Created larger markets for goods. Larger organizations developed to serve larger markets Created the need for formalized management practices. Classical Contributions Classical approach（古典理论） The term used to describe the hypotheses of the scientific management theorists and the general administrative theorists. Scientific management theorists （科学管理理论学者） Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt General administrative theorists（行政管理/一般管理理论学者） Henri Fayol and Max Weber Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management（科学管理理论原则） (1911) Advocated the use of the scientific method to define the “one best way” for a job to be done Believed that increased efficiency could be achieved by selecting the right people for the job and training them to do it precisely in the one best way. To motivate workers, he favored incentive wage plans. Separated managerial work from operative work. Taylor’s Four Principles of Management Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. (Previously, workers chose their own work a