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Weber’s main thoughts Sociology of religion The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism Ancient Judaism Sociology of politics and government Bureaucracy 3.Bureaucracy（科层制） Weber formulated a three-component theory of stratification, with Social class, Social status and party as conceptually distinct elements. Social class is based on economically determined relationship to the market (owner, renter, employee etc.). Status is based on non-economical qualities like honor, prestige and religion. Party refers to affiliations in the political domain. All three dimensions have consequences for what Weber called life chances. 科层制 权利依据职能和职位进行分工和分层，以规范管理主体的管理方式和组织体系，反映高级的工具的合理性。 科层制的主要特征是： 　　① 内部分工，且每一成员的权力和责任都有明确规定。 　　② 职位分等，下级接受上级指挥。 　　③ 组织成员都具备各专业技术资格而被选中。 　　④ 管理人员是专职的公职人员，而不是该企业的所有者． 　　⑤ 组织内部有严格的规定、纪律、并毫无例外地普遍适用。 　　⑥组织内部排除私人感情，成员间关系只 是工作关系． The practice of Max Weber’s theories 　韦伯提出的官僚组织结构其实是一种效率很高的组织形式，因为它能在技能和效率的基础上，使组织内人们的行为理性化，具有一致性和可预测性。今天各种各样的组织，不管是工厂、学校、机关、医院或是军队，都或多或少地具有官僚集权组织的某些特征。尽管官僚组织结构有较多的缺陷，但从纯技术的角度看，官僚制强调知识化、专业化、制度化、标准化、正式化和权力集中化，确实能给组织带来高的效率。 Critical response 1 Verstehen 2 lack of a fully theorized macrosociology（宏观社会学） 3 lack of a critical theory 4 pessimism （悲观主义） Critical responses to Weber 1 The economist Joseph Schumpeter argued that capitalism did not begin with the Industrial Revolution but in 14th century Italy. In Milan, Venice, and Florence the small city-state governments led to the development of the earliest forms of capitalism. In the 16th century Antwerp was a commercial center of Europe. It was also noted that the predominantly Calvinist country of Scotland did not enjoy the same economic growth as Holland, England, and New England. In addition, it has been pointed out that Holland, which was heavily Calvinist, industrialized much later in the 19th century than pre