曼昆 宏观经济学2.ppt

Chapter 2 The Date of Macroeconomics Measuring the value of economic activity: gross domestic product Measuring the cost of living: the consumer price index Measuring joblessness: the unemployment rate Conclusion: from economic statistics to economic models 2-1 Gross domestic product GDP is the name we give to the total dollar value of the goods and services produced within a nation during a given year. There are two ways to view GDP (income, expenditure) Some rules for computing GDP Used goods Inventories Intermediate goods and value added Housing services Underground economy The GDP deflator Real GDP versus Nominal GDP Real GDP is the value of goods and services measured using a constant set of prices. Nominal GDP is the valve of goods and services measured at current prices. The GDP Deflator GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP/ Real GDP Nominal GDP = Real GDP×GDP Deflator Nominal GDP measures the current value of the economy. Real GDP measures output valued at constant prices. The GDP deflator measures the price of output relative to its price in the base year. The components of expenditure GDP = Y = C + I + G +NX Consumption consists of goods and services bought by households. (including nondurable goods, durable goods, and services). Investment consists of goods bought for future use. (business fixed investment, residential fixed investment, and inventory investment). Government purchases are the goods and services bought by federal, state, and local government. Net exports, takes into account trade with other countries, are the value of goods and services exported to other countries minus the value of goods and services that foreigners provide us. * CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics U.S. consumption, 2008 42.6% 20.8% 7.2% 70.5% 6,069.6 2,965.1 1,023.2 $ 10,057.9 Services Nondurables Durables Consumption % of GDP $ billions * CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics U.S. Investment, 2008 –0.3% 3.4% 10.9% 14.0% –47.0 487.7 1,552.8 $1,99