经济学资料（英文版）chapter 13.docVIP

Problems and Applications 1. a. opportunity cost; b. average total cost; c. fixed cost; d. variable cost; e. total cost; f. marginal cost. 2. a. The opportunity cost of something is what must be forgone to acquire it. b. The opportunity cost of running the hardware store is $550,000, consisting of $500,000 to rent the store and buy the stock and a $50,000 opportunity cost, since your aunt would quit her job as an accountant to run the store. Since the total opportunity cost of $550,000 exceeds revenue of $510,000, your aunt shouldnt open the store, as her profit would be negative(she would lose money. 3. a. Since youd have to pay for room and board whether you went to college or not, that portion of your college payment is not an opportunity cost. b. The explicit opportunity cost is the cost of tuition. c. An implicit opportunity cost is the cost of your time. You could work at a job for pay rather than attend college. The wages you give up represent an opportunity cost of attending college. 4. a. The following table shows the marginal product of each hour spent fishing: Hours Fish Fixed Cost Variable Cost Total Cost Marginal Product 0 0 10 0 10 --- 1 10 10 5 15 10 2 18 10 10 20 8 3 24 10 15 25 6 4 28 10 20 30 4 5 30 10 25 25 2 b. Figure 13-7 graphs the fishermans production function. The production function becomes flatter as the number of hours spent fishing increases, illustrating diminishing marginal product. Figure 13-7 c. The table shows the fixed cost, variable cost, and total cost of fishing. Figure 13-8 shows the fishermans total-cost curve. It slopes up because catching additional fish takes additional time. The curve is convex because there are diminishing returns to fishing time(each additional hour spent fishing yields fewer additional fish. Figure 13-8 5. Here’s the table of costs: Workers Output Marginal Product Total Cost Average Total Cost Marginal Cost 0 0 --- 200 --- --- 1 20 20 300 15.00