Task 4终结版.doc

Task 4 练习题 Task 4-1 Perceptual Constancy Perceptual constancy is a term in cognitive psychology. It suggests the tendency that humans would see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the viewing angle, distance, lighting, or other factors. We tend to judge an object as what it is or what it is assumed to be, no matter how the environment is. Perceptual constancy is very important for humans，it is the ability to identify objects under variety of conditions. Now listen to part of a talk in a psychology class. The professor is discussing perceptual constancy. Ok, so, we talked about perceptual constancy. We know that we can see different shapes of objects if we watch them from different corners and different distances. Even though, our judgment about these objects will not be changed. Let me give you two examples. In the first example, if you see a dinner plate, you can see a perfect circle. But, if you put the dinner plate on the table, you will see an oval dinner plate. However, you know the dinner plate itself does not change. Here is another example. You are sitting in front row, and you are observing your professor giving a lecture. You will see a “big” teacher. But, if you are sitting in back row, you will see a “smaller” teacher. However, you perceive your teacher’s height to remain constant. Explain how the examples of seeing a dinner plate and observing a teacher demonstrate the perceptual constancy. Task 4-2 Groupthink Groupthink happens most often when the group is already cohesive, and is isolated from conflicting opinions, where the leader is open and directive. Group members sometimes fall into a style of thinking where the maintenance of the group’s cohesion and togetherness becomes all-important. Resulting decisions are often based on incomplete information and fail to consider all available plans of action and risks. Compared to the decisions that could have been reached using a fair, open, and ra