南开大学光学工程内部课件Oct-28th.ppt

Interferometers Interferometer The Michelson Interferometer In a Michelson interferometer, an incident beam is splitted by a half-reflector (beam splitter) so that one beam strikes a fixed mirror and the other a movable mirror. The reflected beams are collimated by the half-reflector. Therefore an interference pattern results. Interference Fringes Measuring the Refraction Index The Michelson-Morley Experiment White light fringes Adjust the mirrors to make the two path has the same path length, one can see white light fringes. TTM interferometric Objective The LIGO project The LIGO folks think big… Mach-Zehnder interferometer MZI in integrated optics Sagnac interferometer Another version of Sagnac interferometer Laser gyro Light travel time ccw Travel time cw Time difference Number of fringes Laser gyro Closed loop Laser can oscillate both directions High reflectivity mirrors Improve fringe resolution Earth rotation = 1 rev/day at poles 25 ppm of fringe Need Q ~ 105 or greater Led to super mirrors polished to Angstroms ion beam machining Conventional mirrors polished to ~ 100 nanometers limited by grit size Fizeau interferometer Twyman-Green interferometer Astronomical interferometry Astronomical interferometry Coherence Visibility of interference fringes Results in the Michelson Interferometer Intensity of an interferometer The light goes through an interferometer and is splitted into two beams which travel different pathes. On the screen, the intensity of the interference fringe is given by: Coherence of light temporal coherence: correlation between light at different time spatial coherence: correlation between light at different location Temporal Coherence To measure the temporal coherence, we need detect Wiener-Khintchine theorem Wiener-Khintchine theorem The complex degree of coherence in the polychromatic case is therefore: Qualitative analyses of temporal coherence The coherence time The coherence time