(精选)【麻醉学精品课件课件】Anesthetics教学课件.pptVIP

* Chapter 1 Anesthetics Anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible anesthesia and a loss of consciousness (including the feeling of pain). This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. Local anesthetics General anesthetics Local anesthetic is used on specific nerve pathways , has effect of a loss of awareness of a part of the body. Whreas general anesthetic is used on central nervous system, has effect of a total unconsciousness. 1.1.1 Discovery and development of local anesthetics Peruvian were known chewing coca leaves from South America for pain in 1532. An alkaloid was extracted from the leaves of coca and named Cocaine in 1860. Cocaine was used as a local anesthetic in clinic in 1884. Chemical structure was modified because of severe side-effect such as addiction, allergy, tissue irritating and unstable in aqueous solution 1.1 Local anesthetics Cocaine Chemical modification of Cocaine Studying results showed that benzoate fraction played the important role but methoxy carbonyl is not necessary for the activity of anesthesia. On the other hand, simplification of ecgonine led to the discovery of synthetic compounds α-Eucaine and β-Eucaine. This resulted that tropine was not necessary for the activity. ecgonine α-Eucaine β-Eucaine According to the obtained results, researchers begun to study the synthetic benzoic acid esters as the local anesthetics. First of all, Benzocaine was discovered in 1890. Shortly after, Orthoform and Orthoform New were found with strong local anesthesia effect. At last,Procaine was discovered in 1904. Benzocaine Procaine Orthoform Orthoform New Procaine hydrochloride 4-氨基苯甲酸-2-（二乙氨基）乙酯盐酸盐，又名盐酸奴佛卡因 4-Aminobenzoic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester monohydrochloride, or Novocaine hydrochloride） Physical properties: white crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, bitter taste and then a sense of paralysis. Mp.154 ~ 157 ℃. Soluble in water