(精选)英语语言学 语用学课件.ppt

LOCUTION ILLOCUTION PERLOCUTION 说 意向力 结果 内在于话语 ？ 在讲话人的完全控制下 不总是 在讲时，意向力就很明显 讲完之后，听话人作出反应 不可说“尝试”，如果这样，就等于不让他说话。 尝试执行某一行为 有些是行事 / 取效（有时难分） Claiming, denying, prediction, mocking Persuading, hurting, distracting Generally speaking, the illocutionary act inherent in an utterance is intended by the speaker, is under his full control, and if it is evident, it is so as the utterance is made, whereas the perlocutionary act performed through an utterance is not always intended by the speaker, is not under his full control, and is usually not evident until after the utterance is made. We can say that the speaker is trying to carry out a perlocutionary act, but not the illocutionary act. If it is to talk of a speaker “trying” to carry out illocutionary act, there is a strong implication that one is being actually prevented from speaking. I. Illocutionary Act Theory : 言语行为理论 Searle: The meaning is defined in terms of what speech acts speakers perform relative to hearers. 主要研究 “以言行事行为”。 Searle 发展完善Austin 的言语行为理论。 1) Verdictives: 裁决型 陈述某种发现。E.g. assess, estimate, diagnose, take it, interpret as etc. 2) Exercitives: 行使型 行使权力，施加影响，压力等：e.g. appoint, order, warn, advise etc. 3) Commissives: 承诺 型 说话人对未来行为的许诺：e.g. promise, undertake, side, with etc. 4) Behavitives: 行为型 表明说话者所采取的态度：e.g. apologize, commend, congratulate, challenge etc. 5) Expositives: 阐述型 话语在交际中的作用：e.g. I conclude, I illustrate, I assume, I agree etc. 1. The cooperative principle 会话的合作原则 CP Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. Grice认为说话和听话人之间存在一种默契，双方都应该遵守的原则。 Man: does your dog bite? Woman: No. ( The man reaches down to pet the dog. The dog bites the man’s hand.) M: Ouch! Hey! You said your dog doesn’t bite. W: He doesn’t . But that’s not my dog. 2. Four categories of maxims :合作原则体现为四条准则： 1) Quantity: 数量 a. Make your contribution as