人格心理学2节.pptVIP

《日常生活中的心理病理学》（1901,The psychopathology of everyday life）让弗洛伊的名声鹊起，他在世时，再版11次，译为12种语言。该书谈论的是诸如遗忘、笑话、口误和笨拙等“鸡毛蒜皮”的话题。 《性学三论》（1905，Three essays on the theory of sexuality）。该书令他声名狼藉。第一篇论述异常行为，认为这些行为是不完整或扭曲的成长后果。第二篇主要论述婴儿性欲，进一步扩展了弗洛伊的早年在这一课题上所持的观点，坚持认为，所有的人天生即有倒错的潜能，只是在健康的成长中，这种倒错的欲望受到了严密的控制而已。第三篇则讲述青春期性欲和因解剖学差别而形成的男性人格与女性人格的差异。 Later in his life, Freud began to believe that the life instincts didnt tell the whole story. Libido is a lively thing; the pleasure principle keeps us in perpetual motion. And yet the goal of all this motion is to be still, to be satisfied, to be at peace, to have no more needs. The goal of life, you might say, is death! Freud began to believe that under and beside the life instincts there was a death instinct. He began to believe that every person has an unconscious wish to die. This seems like a strange idea at first, and it was rejected by many of his students, but I think it has some basis in experience: Life can be a painful and exhausting process. There is easily, for the great majority of people in the world, more pain than pleasure in life -- something we are extremely reluctant to admit! Death promises release from the struggle. 维多利亚时代（1837-1901） 所以，维多利亚中期的英国为他们的无可匹敌的地位洋洋得意，它这时是世界的贸易中心：北美和俄国的平原是我们的玉米地；芝加哥和敖德萨是我们的粮仓；加拿大和波罗的海是我们的林场；澳大利亚、西亚有我们的牧羊地；阿根廷和北美的西部草原有我们的牛群；秘鲁运来它的白银；南非和澳大利亚的黄金则流到伦敦；印度人和中国人为我们种植茶叶；而我们的咖啡、甘蔗和香料种植园则遍及印度群岛；西班牙和法国是我们的葡萄园；地中海是我们的果园；长期以来早就生长在美国南部的我们的棉花地，现在正在向地球的所有的温暖区域扩展。 Libido: I desire Freud once said life is not easy! The ego -- the I -- sits at the center of some pretty powerful forces: reality; society, as represented by the superego; biology, as represented by the id. When these make conflicting demands upon the poor ego, it is understandable if it -- if you -- feel threatened, fell overwhelmed, feel as if it were about to collapse under the weight of it all. This feeling is called anxiety, and it serves as a signal to the ego that its survival, and with it the survival of the whole organism, is in jeopardy.