第十二章要素市场.pptVIP

第十二章 要素市场 一、利润最大化与引致需求 厂商使用生产要素的原则 利润是总收益与总成本之间的差额，而总收益与总成本又可以看成是K、L的函数。 利润最大化的一阶条件为 任何要实现利润最大化的厂商在各种生产要素的雇佣上要使单位要素所得到的额外收益等于额外成本。 边际收益产量：雇佣一单位额外投入所产生的额外收益 边际要素成本：增加一个生产要素需增加的成本 利润最大化的一阶条件 二、竞争性要素市场 1定义： 有大量的要素的需求者和供给者，他们都是价格的被动接受者 2厂商对要素的需求 w* SL In a competitive labor market, a firm faces a perfectly elastic supply of labor and can hire as many workers as it wants at w*. Quantity of Labor Price of Labor Why not hire fewer or more workers than L*. MRPL = DL L* The profit maximizing firm will hire L* units of labor at the point where the marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the wage rate. 只有一种要素是可变要素时对要素投入品的需求 MRPL1 MRPL2 When two or more inputs are variable, a firm’s demand for one input depends on the marginal revenue product of both inputs. 几种投入品是可变要素时对一种要素投入品的需求 Hours of Work Wages ($ per hour) 0 5 10 15 20 40 80 120 160 When the wage rate is $20, A represents one point on the firm’s demand for labor curve. When the wage rate falls to $15, the MRP curve shifts, generating a new point C on the firm’s demand for labor curve. Thus A and C are on the demand for labor curve, but B is not. DL A B C MRPL1 3由产业的劳动需求到市场的需求 Labor (worker-hours) Labor (worker-hours) Wage ($ per hour) Wage ($ per hour) 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 50 100 150 L0 L2 DL1 Horizontal sum if product price unchanged 120 MRPL2 L1 Industry Demand Curve DL2 Firm Industry  以劳动要素为例： “供给”资源的边际效用 =“自用”资源的边际效用 资源的间接边际效用 = 资源的直接边际效用 要素供给（L）的边际效用： U[ Y（L）]——出售要素的效用函数 4、要素供给原则 以劳动要素为例： “供给”资源的边际效用 =“自用”资源的边际效用 资源的间接边际效用 = 资源的直接边际效用 要素供给（L）的边际效用： U[ Y（L）]——出售要素的效用函数 要素供给（L）的边际效用： 出售要素的总效用：U[ Y（L）] 要素供给的边际效用=收入的边际效用?劳动的边际收入 自用资源的效用是直接效用: 要素供给原则----效用最大化原则: S Market Supply of fabric 对厂商的投入品的供给 Yards of Fabric (thousands) Yards of Fabric (thousands) Price ($ per yard) Price ($ per yard) D Market Demand for fabric 100 ME = AE 10 10 Supply of Fabric Facing Firm 50 Demand for Fabric MRP Observations 1) The firm is a price taker at $10. 2) S = AE = ME = $10 3) ME = MRP @ 50 units Incom