(蜜蜂学课件）3 第三篇 章 蜜蜂生物学1.ppt

Caste and sex differentiation Queen is a fertile, functional female, worker is a sterile female and the drone is a male insect. Queen and worker develop from fertilized egg while drone develops from unfertilized egg. Further differentiation of queen and worker depends on the quality and quantity of food that is fed to the queen or worker larvae. 蜂王、工蜂、雄蜂的由来 Royal jelly Royal jelly Worker jelly young larvae (1-3 days) of both castes are fed with royal jelly nurse bees feed copious amounts of royal jelly to queen larvae until they enter metamorphosis, they switch the diet for late instar worker larvae from pure royal jelly to a mixture of glandular secretions with honey and pollen (worker jelly). Differential feeding of female larvae prospective queen larvae receive 10 times more food than worker larvae 王台 Queen cell 工蜂房 (worker cells) 蜂王和工蜂的级型分化，不是由遗传方面的原因，而是由后天的环境因素(食物）造成的。 ······ Social insects are known for their striking developmental polymorphisms. The best studied case is the honey bee queen/worker polymorphism. Female larvae develop into queens or workers on the basis of larval nutrition and endocrine signaling. Developmental switches render workers almost entirely sterile while queens develop into one the most fecund animals known (they can lay 1 egg/sec for several years). An understanding of the genetic architecture behind this “caste determination” can help answer fundamental questions related to reproduction, nutrition and growth rates, and aging, and provide insight into how genes and the environment interact during development. ---------Proposal for the Sequencing of a New Target Genome: White Paper for a Honey Bee Genome Project How do they make three types? Caste differentiation （级型分化） Sex determination （性别决定） In 1845 Johann Dzierzon, a German priest, described that males develop from unfertilized eggs in the honey bee which was the first rigorous report of sex determination at his time. Haplodiploidy单倍二倍体性别决定模式 Most animals have two sexes but t