Diseases of the Heart课件.ppt

Diseases of the Heart Major Determinants of Disease Most heart disease is the result of atherosclerotic obstruction of the coronary arteries Congestive heart failure is mechanical failure of the heart to eject blood delivered to it Metabolic or autoimmune disease may cause heart muscle or valve damage High blood pressure accelerates atherosclerosis most other cardiac disease Cardiac valves are one-way gates for blood flow are susceptible to obstruction regurgitation Cardiac valves are susceptible to infection Abnormal embryonic development of the heart produces significant cardiac anatomic malformations Abnormal heartbeat patterns (arrhythmias) can cause cardiac dysfunction or death can complicate any heart condition Arrhythmias Mechanically inefficient CO decreases Potentially fatal Caused by myocardial ischemia MI electrolyte imbalance stress caffeine drugs, especially stimulants congenital defects in the electrical network Normal rhythm is ~ 70 beats/min bradycardia is 60 beats/min tachycardia is 100 beats/min Premature atrial contractions extra atrial beats common in healthy people not harmful due to stress lack of sleep caffeine some drugs Atrial flutter rapid, regular atrial rhythm ~ 300 beats/min Atrial fibrillation rapid, irregular atrial rhythm AV node filters out alot decreased CO Each year heart disease accounts for about 1/3 of deaths in the US, most of which are associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis. If cerebrovascular disease, vascular complications of diabetes, other vascular diseases are included, the figure is over 40%. After age 40 the lifetime risk for developing symptomatic coronary artery disease is 50% in men 40% in women. Heart Block Atrial signal is delayed cannot cross into the ventricle Common cause is anatomic abnormalities Can also be caused by digitalis 1st degree delay of signal but no missed ventricular beats 2nd degree delay long enough to cause missed ventricular beats 3rd degree total block of atrial signal decrea