第一章 生物化学导论(绪论)PPT.ppt

（三）分子生物学阶段 近20多年来，特别是进入80年代世界新的工业革命浪潮以来，各国政府对生物技术和新材料都倍加重视，分子生物学研究成了最受青睐的学术领域之一。酶工程、遗传工程、细胞工程、生物工程都得到了迅速发展。其中，DNA重组技术已成为当代最突出的科学成就之一。 从1953年Watson和 Crick提出的 DNA双螺旋结构模型为标志，生物化学的研究进入分子生物学阶段。 1970年 发现了DNA限制性内切酶； 1972年 DNA重组技术的建立； 1978年 DNA双脱氧测序法的成功； 1990年 人类基因组计划的实施； 2001年完成,进入后基因组时代。 Roots of Biochemistry Wohlers synthesis of urea Buchners fermentation of sugar from yeast extracts Sumners crystallization of urease Watson and Cricks structure of DNA 1835Jons Berzelius writes a paper on chemical catalysis, uses amylase as an example. 1859Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. 1860 Louis Pasteur recognizes that fermation was catalyzed by enzymes, but he believes they are part of the essence of yeast. 1865 Gregor Mendel publishes his theory of genetics. 1869 Fredrick meischer discoverse DNA in cell nuclei. 1897 Eduard and Hans Buchner extracts materiel fom yeast that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to alcohol. 1900 Gregor Mendels work on genetics is rediscovered. 1914 Fritz Lipmann elucidates the role of ATP in energy metabolism. 1926 James Sumner obtains crystalline jack bean urease and demostrates that it is a protein. 1926 Thomas Hunt Morgan writes The Theory of the Gene. 1934 Arnold Beckman developes the first pH meter. 1937 Hans Krebs discovers the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle). 1941 George Beadle Edward tatum propose the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis. 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarthy use chemical methods to establish that DNA is the genetic material. 1950 Edwin Chargaff publishes observation that A=T, G=C (Chargaff s rules). 1952 Linus Pauling and Robert Corey propose the a-helix and the b-pleated sheet structures for proteins. 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase provide additional support for DNA as genetic material. 1953 James Watson and Frances Crick put forth the double helix model DNA. 1953 Fredrick Sanger determines the first amino acid sequence of a protein (insulin). 欢迎学习 基础生物化学课程 使用教材：