清末科举实践背离严密制度困局.docVIP

清末科举实践背离严密制度困局 　　[摘要] 丁治棠曾经求学于成都锦江书院，先后任四川尊经书院分教，合州瑞山、合宗两书院山长。丁治棠虽然在经学方面较有建树，但他仍然热衷于科举功名，三次赴京参加会试。他以日记的形式记录了自己参加光绪十五年（1889年）己丑科会试的全过程，所记科举实施情况与清代统治者规定的科举制度有比较明显的差距，有的实施环节甚至完全背离了科举严密的制度。这使得晚清科举陷入到既无法达到统治者的预期值，亦无法吸引读书人积极应试的困境之中。而清末统治者既无力，也无心重整科举，因此其走向停废似乎就是必然的结局了。 　　[关键词] 书院；丁治棠；举人；科举制度；废止 　　[中图分类号] G519[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1008―1763（2016）02―0039―06 　　Abstract：Ding Zhitang， who ever studied in Jinjiang Academy in Sichuan， was assigned as the Shan Zhang of Zunjing Academy in Sichuan， Ruishan Academy and Hezong Academy in Hezhou. Despite the great contribution of Ding Zhitang to the study of Confucian classics， he was still enthusiastic about Keju， the civil service examination in ancient China. He went to Beijing three times to attend examinations and recorded in his diary the whole process of participating in Jichou examination in the 15th year of Guangxu Emperor（1889）.What he recorded showed relatively obvious differences from the written rulers of the civil service examination made by the Qing Dynasty， some aspects of the implementation even contradicted completely to the system of civil service examination， which made civil service examinations fall into a dilemma in the late Qing Dynasty， when the result of the civil service examination failed to achieve the expectation of the ruler， nor did it attract students to attend the examination. The ruler at the end of the Qing Dynasty had no ability or attempts to reform the civil service examination. Therefore， termination and abolishment of the examination seemed to the inevitable ending. 　　Key words：academy； Ding Zhitang； a qualified graduate who passed the provincial exam； imperial civil service examination system； abolishment 　　一问题提出 　　丁治棠（1837-1902年），名树诚，字治棠，四川合川（今重庆合川县）人。他是四川尊经书院的倡建者之一，于光绪元年（1875年）与薛丹庭等人投书四川学政张之洞，请求新建书院，次年尊经书院建成。丁治棠被张之洞以“高材生考调入院肄业，旋充任斋长”，负责尊经书院的图书管理工作。光绪五年（1879年），著名经学家王?]运出任尊经书院山长，擢拔丁治棠为书院都讲。因丁治棠长于经学，经山长王?]运向官府请求，破例允许他以举人的身份留任尊经书院。王?]运请辞尊经书院山长回湖南后，学政朱?然执掌尊经书院，丁治棠非常不满，于光绪七年（1881年）前往合州瑞山书院任山长。十年（