隐喻语用解读.docVIP

隐喻语用解读 　　提 要：隐喻是否偏离了字面性常规？根据古典修辞学以及后来的大多数理论，包括Grice语用学理论，其答案是肯定的。但是，古典修辞学评论家以及包括认知科学家、后现代批评理论家在内的众多现代学者却认为隐喻完全符合常规。在坚持认为隐喻符合常规这一阵营中，存在两种对立的看法：一部分学者，如认知语言学家Lakoff, Talmy 和 Fauconnier，视隐喻为语言中普遍存在的现象，认为它是人类思维的构成要素；另一部分人，如心理语言学家Glucksberg 和Kintsch以及众多关联理论家，则认为隐喻形成于言语交际过程。既然隐喻不可能既完全常规，会偏离正常的语言运用，那么在思维层面和言语交际层面就可能存在虽有联系却又彼此区别的隐喻现象。一些学者，如Raymond Gibbs，就在探索和研究这一可能性。本文则主要从关联理论角度探讨语言隐喻。?? 　　关键词：隐喻；关联理论；夸张；修辞学 ?? 　　中图分类号：H030 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-0100(2008)02-0074-10?? 　　?? 　　The Pragmatics of Metaphors?? 　　Dan SperberDeirdre Wilson?? 　　(Institut Jean Nicod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,Paris , France; ?? 　　University College London, London,UK)?? 　　Are metaphors departures from a norm of literalness? According to classical rhetoric and most latter theories, including Gricean pragmatics, they are. No, metaphors are wholly normal, say the critics of classical rhetoric and a variety of modern scholars ranging from cognitive scientists to postmodern critical theorists. On the metaphor??as??normal side, there is a broad contrast between those, like the cognitive linguists Lakoff, Talmy, or Fauconnier, who see metaphor as pervasive in language because it is constitutive of human thought, and those, like the psycholinguists Glucksberg or Kintsch, or relevance theorists, who describe metaphor as emerging in the process of verbal communication. While metaphor cannot be both wholly normal and a departure from normal language use, there might be distinct, though related, metaphorical phenomena at the level of thought, on the one hand, and verbal communication, on the other. This possibility is being explored in the work of Raymond Gibbs, for instance. In this paper, we focus on the relevance??theoretic approach to linguistic metaphors. ?? 　　Key words： metaphor; Relevance Theory; exaggeration; rhetoric?? 　　?? 　　关联理论对隐喻的看法不同于修辞学、文学和哲学。后几种学科历来强调隐喻的重要性和特殊性。我们承认隐喻的重要性，但是质疑它的特殊性。诚然，隐喻在语言使用中处处可见，也催生了Barthes所说的“文章的乐趣”（le plaisir du texte）。单个作家或者某个文学体裁所使用的一些具体隐喻的确值得研究。尽管