出生缺陷预防对策研究人口学专业论文.docx

摘 要 摘 要 新中国成立以来，我国经历了剧烈的人口转变和疾病模式转变，人口工作从单纯的 人口数量控制转变为人口数量控制、提高人口素质、优化人口结构并重，健康问题从以 急性病为主逐步转变为以慢性病为主。这意味着遗传性疾病和出生缺陷已逐渐成为我国 重要的人口健康问题，严重影响了我国出生人口质量，并已成为我国婴儿死亡、儿童和 成人残疾的主要原因之一。如何才能既经济又有效地预防出生缺陷、提高我国出生人口 素质，成为摆在我们面前的一个重大课题。 本文通过文献研究和流行病学研究，总结出生缺陷发生的特点、相关影响因素，探 索出生缺陷发生的人口学机制，找到我国人口出生缺陷发生的高危人群。针对出生缺陷 发生的孕产妇年龄、职业、社会经济文化状况、教育程度、居住地等方面的特点，提出 相应的人口对策：加强经济文化建设，提高落后地区的文化水平；促进城市化水平的提 高；改善贫困农村地区的卫生医疗条件；避免高龄妊娠，避免孕妇从事有毒有害的工作， 杜绝选择性别的人工流产。文章强调注重出生缺陷的一级预防，认为一级预防是最经济、 最有效的出生缺陷预防手段，在一级预防工作中应给予出生缺陷发生的高危人群更多的 关注。同时，提高人们对出生缺陷的认知水平，同样可以减少出生缺陷的发生率。人们 认知水平的提高还有助于出生缺陷二级、三级预防工作的开展。 关键词 出生人口素质 出生缺陷 出生缺陷预防 Abstract Abstract Since the founding of New China, the country has experienced dramatic changes in the population and disease patterns shift, the population shift from the population control population control, improve the population quality, optimize the population structure and try gradually transformed into health problems mainly from acuteto chronic diseases. This means that the genetic disease and birth defects has gradually become an important population health issues, seriously affecting the quality of births in China, and has become Chinas infant mortality, one of the main reasons for children and adults with disabilities. How can both economical and effective in preventing birth defects, improve the quality of births in China to become a major issue before us. Through literature research and epidemiological studies, summarizes the characteristics of the incidence of birth defects related factors, to explore the mechanisms of birth defects demographic, find our population incidence of birth defects in the high-risk groups. Birth defects, maternal age, occupation, socio-economic and cultural status, level of education, place of residence and other characteristics, population measures: strengthening economic and cultural development, raise the cultural level of the backward areas; promote the improvement of the level of urbanization ; improve the health and medical conditions of the poo