材料表征教学资料 iteraction.pptVIP

Dr. Di Wu, Nanjing University Interaction of Radiations with Matters the probe to microstructures Why ? The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with crystalline solids is now understood in considerable detail so that it can be exploited to provide the necessary information. Examples One sees a matter only because the matter reflects visible light. X-ray and high energy electron beam could “see” crystal lattices. The dilemma Interaction of radiation with materials under probe may cause damage to or change the microstructure of them. Higher resolution requires radiation with smaller wavelength, or higher energy. Thus, the probability of radiation damage increases. The criterion Every characterization should acquire the most information on the expense of the least damage. Therefore, knowledge on interaction of radiation with matters is indispensable. Penetration depth Penetration depth, or mean free distance, of the incident determines the depth and volume in the sample that can be analyzed. In most cases, the type of radiation generated in the sample is different from the incident radiation. The smaller mean free distance determines the analysis volume. Penetration depth: Photons Photons are discrete quanta of electromagnetic radiation. The photon is identified by the wavelength, ?, energy, E, and frequency, ?, all of which are related by the equation where h is Plank constant and c the velocity of light. Penetration depth: Photons Electromagnetic spectrum spans a vast range with wavelength varying from 106 m to 10-14 m. If we want to make use of electromagnetic radiation to characterize the microstructure of materials, the wavelength of photons must be in comparison with the features we want to observe. Therefore, we do not need photons with wavelength larger than 10-4 m or smaller than 10-10 m. Penetration depth: Photons The penetration depth of photons depends sensitively on materials and photon energies. It is not possible or instructive to give a d