Blending and Metaphor英文版本.pdf

Blending and Metaphor Joseph E. Grady, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Todd Oakley, Department of English, Case Western Reserve University Seana Coulson, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona In Metaphor in cognitive linguistics, G. Steen R. Gibbs (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 1. Introduction The framework sometimes referred to as conceptual metaphor theory, with its origins in Lakoff Johnson (1980), is one of the central areas of research in the more general field of cognitive linguistics. Within this field, the notions of source domains and target domains, invariance, mappings, and so forth have become a common, though not universal, vocabulary for discussing the linguistic and conceptual phenomena of metaphor. The findings and principles of this framework have been applied in numerous studies, both within and outside of the field of linguistics. A more recent framework, proposed by Fauconnier and Turner (1994; 1998) seeks to explain much of the same linguistic data, and also to unify the analysis of metaphor with the analysis of a variety of other linguistic and conceptual phenomena. This framework�referred to variously as the theory of blending, conceptual blending, and conceptual integration�shares many aspects of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). For instance, both approaches treat metaphor as a conceptual rather than a purely linguistic phenomenon; both involve systematic projection of language, imagery and inferential structure between conceptual domains; both propose constraints on this projection; and so forth. However, there are also important differences between the approaches: CMT posits relationships between pairs of mental representations, while blending theory (BT) allows for more than two; CMT has defined metaphor as a strictly dire