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Chapter 12
Blood and the Lymphatic
And Immune System
Part I: Blood
Anatomy and Physiology of Blood
The average adult has about 5 liters of blood. It circulates throughout the body
within the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. Blood is a mixture of cells
floating in watery plasma. As a group these cells are referred to as formed elements,
but there are three different kinds: erythrocytes or red blood cells, leukocytes or white
blood cells, and platelets. Blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow by a process
called hematopoiesis. Plasma and erythrocytes are responsible for transporting
substances, leukocytes protect the body from invading microorganism and platelets play
a role in controlling bleeding.
Plasma
Liquid plasma composes about 55 percent of whole blood in the average adult and
is 90 to 92 percent water. The remaining 810 percent portion of plasma is dissolved
substances, especially plasma proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
Albumin helps transport fatty substances that cannot dissolve in the watery plasma.
There are three main types of globulins. One of these, gamma globulins, acts as
antibodies. Fibrinogen is a bloodclotting protein. In addition to the plasma proteins,
smaller amounts of other important substances are also dissolved in the plasma for
transport: calcium, potassium, sodium, glucose, amino acids, fats, and waste products
such as urea and creatinine.
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes are also called red blood cells (RBCs). They are biconcave disks and
are enucleated, which means they no longer contain a nucleus. Red blood cells appear
red in color because they contain hemoglobin, which is an ironcontaining pigment.
Hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cell that picks up oxygen from the lungs and
delivers it to the tissues of the body.
There are about 5 million erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood. The to
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