《新编语言学教程》14单元课后答案.docxVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction Define the following terms briefly. linguistics 语言学：the scientific or systematic study of language? language 语言：a system of arbitrary vocal 任意的声音 symbols used for human communication.用丁人类交流的任意声音 符号系统 arbitrariness 任意性：the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, 语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog? duality 双重性：the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.在一个层面上(语 言和字母)的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形 成有意义的单位(词) competence 语言能力：knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use作为一种形式抽象的语言 的语法知识，区别于实际语言使用的行为,i?e. performance. (6) performance 语言运用:Chomsky，s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术 语不同于它的知识，或能力。 (8) phatic communion 交际性谈话:Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer.语言是用来建立一个气 氛或保持说话人和听话人之间的社会联系 (11) synchronic linguistics 共时语言学：the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time?语言和语 言的研究，因为它们是在一个给定的时刻使用，而不是 他们如何随着时间的推移演变 (12) diachronic linguistics 历时语言学：the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.语言在时间上的变化与语言在特 定时刻使用的对比研究 No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in dogs，or pigs，noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection bet ween a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /dOg/, in C