国际市场营销2课件.pptVIP

国际市场营销;;Chapter 2. The International Marketing Environment (Ⅰ);International Competition:. --blocking channels of distribution -binding retailers into exclusive agreements slashing prices temporarily to prevent product adopetion;;一个地理区域内各国一致同意减少并最终消除关税和非关税壁垒，以便做到相互之间商品，服务和生产要素的自由流动。 Several levels of economic integration Free Trade Area （自由贸易区） Customs Union （关税同盟） Common Market （共同市场） Economic Union （经济联盟） Political Union （政治联盟）;1) Free Trade Area（自由贸易区） a) No barriers to trade among members b) Each country maintains its own trade barriers for nonmembers. Key: 各个成员国之间商品和服务的所有壁垒都没取消 Ex: EFTA (The European Free Trade Association) （欧洲自由贸易区） 1) established in 1960 2) 8--4 countries 3) free trade in industrial goods ;NAFTA北美自由贸易区;Background Janpan and EU 1980 Reagan 1983 Canada 1985-1988 American Canada 1992 American Canada Mexico 1994 Bill Clinton becoming law in January 1,1994; the contents of NAFTA: abolition of tariffs: 99% of goods removal of most barriers on service protection of intellectual property rights removal of most restriction on FDI application of national environmental standards two commissions: for health, safety, wages or child labor.;;2).Customs Union ;3).Common Market Area P16;;4).Economic Union P16;5) Political Union P17 a) More integrated than an economic union b) a coordinating bureaucracy;EU(European Union)欧洲联盟;1951~1952 6国（法、德、意、荷、比、卢） 《巴黎条约》--煤钢共同体 1957~1958 《罗马条约》--欧洲经济共同体 --欧洲原子能共同体 1965 《布鲁塞尔条约》--欧洲共同体 1967 （关税同盟）-对外实行统一的关税率 1991 《马斯特里赫特条约》“马约” 《欧洲??盟条约》-欧洲经济与货币联盟 -政治联盟条约 1993 欧洲联盟成立