聚合物化学翻译.pptVIP

a single formula for a single compound:单个分子式对单个化合物 means：平均值  discretely：不连续的，离散的，分离的 P3-3 The second reason for opposition to Staudinger’s hypothesis was that it meant the loss of the concept of a single formula for a single compound. Macromolecules had to be written in the form (CH2CHX)n, where n was a large number. Moreover, no means were available, or indeed are available, for discretely separating molecules where n=100 from those where n=101. 反对Staudinger假说的第二个原因是，这意味着失去单个分子式对单个化合物的概念。大分子必须被写成(CH2CHX)n的形式，这里的n是个很大的数字。而且，无法得到平均值，或实在为了得到平均值，要把n=100的分子与 n=101的分子离散的区分开来。 fractionation ：部分，分布 distribution：分布 Any such attempted fractionation always gives a distribution of values of n and, even if the mean value of a fraction is actually n=100, there are significant numbers of molecules of n=99, n=101, and so on. 任何这种尝试性的分布总是给出n值的分布，即便是某一部分的平均值就是n=100，也仍然有相当一部分分子的n=99, n=101等等。 interpretation :解释 throw it out ：抛弃at some cost ：以某种代价 conspicuously:显著的 P4-0 Now the concept of one compound, one formula, with one formula being capable of both physical (i.e. spatial) and chemical interpretation, had been developed slowly and at some cost, with many long, hard-fought battles. Organic chemists could not easily throw it out, particularly in view of the fact that it had been so conspicuously successful with much of the rest of organic chemistry. 现在一种化合物对应一种分子式、和一种分子式可以是物理（如：空间的）和化学的两种解释的概念，以某种代价伴随着严峻的争论，缓慢的发展起来了。有机化学家不会轻易地抛弃这种观点，部分原因是从实际的观察出发，这种观点在其它有机化学中绝大多数化合物是极其成功的。 ill-characterised ：难以表征 become used to：习惯于 unpromising：无前途的,没有希望的 dextrous：聪明的，灵巧的 P4-1 The third reason for opposition lay in the nature of many of the polymeric materials then known. Not only were they apparently ill-characterised, but they were also frequently non-crystalline, existing as gums and resins. Just the sort of unpromising media, in fact, from which dextrous organic chemists had become used to extracting（萃取） crystalline substances of well characterised physical and chem