重庆理工大学计算机科学与工程学院计算机网络英文课件 Topic3.pptVIP

Objectives At the end of this topic, you should be able to 3.1 Describe the encoding techniques 3.2 Describe the encoding of digital data to digital signals 3.3 Describe the encoding of digital data to analog signals 3.4 Describe the encoding of analog data to digital signals 3.5 Describe the encoding of analog data to analog signals 3.1 Encoding Techniques Digital data, digital signal Analog data, digital signal Digital data, analog signal Analog data, analog signal 3.2 Digital Data, Digital Signal Digital signal Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses Each pulse is a signal element Binary data encoded into signal elements 3.2 Terms (1) Unipolar All signal elements have same sign Polar One logic state represented by positive voltage the other by negative voltage Data rate Rate of data transmission in bits per second Duration or length of a bit Time taken for transmitter to emit the bit 3.2 Terms (2) Modulation rate Rate at which the signal level changes Measured in baud = signal elements per second Signaling rate is in BAUD rate Baud Rate = Number of cycles per second If each cycle carries only 1 signal (0 or 1 = binary), then bit rate (digital) = baud rate (analog) If each cycle carries n signals, then bit rate = n * baud rate bits/second bit rate = number of bits transmitted in 1 second (bps) 3.2 Interpreting Signals Need to know Timing of bits - when they start and end Signal levels Factors affecting successful interpreting of signals Signal to noise ratio Data rate Bandwidth 3.2 Comparison of Encoding Schemes (1) Signal Spectrum Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via transformer, providing isolation Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth Clocking Synchronizing transmitter and receiver External clock Sync mechanism based on signal 3.2 Comparison of Encoding Schemes (2) Error detection Can be built in to signal encoding Signal interference and noise immunity Some codes are better than others