航空航天材料－高温合金部分01-概论.pptxVIP

高温合金概论;课次;第一讲 概 论;;;Fig. 1 Rolls-Royce’s Trent 800 engine;Different materials strength with different temperatures;航空发动机构造;2nd Vanes, 1st Vanes (Top) 2nd Blades (Bottom) ;;零件名称;一、高温合金的定义;1. An ability to withstand loading at an operating temperature close to its melting point. If the operating temperature is enoted Toper and the melting point Tm, a criterion based upon the homologous temperature τ defined as Toper/Tm is sensible; this should be greater than about 0.6.;2. A substantial resistance to mechanical degradation over extended periods of time. For high-temperature applications, a time-dependent, inelastic and irrecoverable deformation known as creep must be considered – due to the promotion of thermally activated processes at high τ . Thus, as time increases, creep strain, , is accumulated; for most applications, materials with low rates of creep accumulation, , are desirable. In common with other structural materials, the static properties of yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness are also important – and these must be maintained over time.;3. Tolerance of severe operating environments. For example, the hot gases generated in a coal-fired electricity-generating turbine are highly corrosive due to the high sulphur levels in the charge. Kerosene used for aeroengine fuel tends to be cleaner, but corrosion due to impurities such as potassium salts and the ingestion of sea-water can occur during operation. In these cases, the high operating temperatures enhance the possibility of oxidation. Under such conditions, any surface degradation reduces component life.;二、高温合金的发展;二、高温合金的分类;高温合金的发展是与涡轮发动机的发展密不可分的。 英国是世界上最早研究和开发高温合金的国家：;高温合金的发展：与涡轮发动机的发展密不可分;1. 变形合金向铸造合金发展 变形合金发展中碰到的问题：高温强度高，热加工困难 ——发展铸造高温合金（合金化程度大幅度提高） Al+Ti总量不断提高：γ’-Ni3(Al,Ti) 为 50~65% 2.真空感应熔炼 提高合金纯洁度 高Al、Ti含量合金的熔炼;3. 粉末冶金 消除偏析 提高初熔温度~50 ℃ 细小晶粒 提高中温强度和塑性 4. 定向