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英语原文 COAL MINING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS SECTION1 LONGWALL MINING TECHNIQUES FOR MINIMIZING SURFACE STRUCTURAL DAMAGES Longwall mining is a relatively new mining method in the United States. Early trials in the eastern and central coal fields were not successful, mainly because, among others, the face supports did not have sufficient capacity. It was not until in the late 1960s , when the highcapacity self-advancing powered supports became available,that longwall mining was successfully reintroduced. Since then the number of mines employing the longwall method has been steadily increasing. It has reached approximately 7.5％ in 1981. One of the major concerns for longwall mining is the extent of surface subsidence and its induced surface structural damages. The experiences have been that room and pillar mining with low recovery ,e.g. no pillar mining can be implemented such that no measurable surface subsidence occurs during the period of underground mining, although subsidence may occur long after (say 40~50 years)mining. In contrast, the general concept about longwall mining is that since there is a complete extraction of coal in a longwall panel, there will be much large surface subsidence and thus structural damages. This is to some extent justifiable because past research has demonstrated that surface subsidence due to longwall mining occurred even when the seam depth was close to 1000 ft. and that minor ctackings could occur in a residential house depending on the type and location of the residential house within the panel. In other words under longwall mining there could be some damage to some surface structures such as houses. But it can be protected such that the damages are so minor that except minor crackings, the houses are practically the same before and after mining. Therefore in dealing with the protective measures for surface structural damages due to underground longwall mining it must be recognized that mearly all surface structures can