Chap_11公共物品和共有资源经济学原理.pptVIP

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole. u Common resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not charged for their usage. u This creates a negative externality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 共有地的悲剧 共有地的悲剧 —— 一个寓言，说明从整 个社会的角度看为什么共有资源的使用 大于合意的水平。 u 当个人免费使用共有资源时，共有资源往 往被过度使用。 u 这就产生了 负外部性。 Public Goods and Common Resources 公共物品和共有资源 Chapter 11 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “ The best things in life are free. . .” Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets… … for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “生活中最好的东西就是免费的 … ” 免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑 战。 在我们的经济中，大部分物品是在市 场中配置的。 … 对这些物品来说，价格是引导买者 和卖者决策的信号。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “ The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的 … ” When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. 当一些物品可以免费得到时，在正常情 况下，经济中配置资源的市场力量就不 存在了。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “ The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的 … ” When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. 当一种物品没有价格时，私人市场就不能 保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “ The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的 … ” In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well- being. 在上述情况下，政府政策可以潜在地 解决市场失灵，