遗传学英文课件：1 绪论.pptVIP

* Genetics * * Genetics * Key Points Evolution depends on the occurrence, transmission, and spread of mutant genes in groups of organisms. DNA sequence data provide a way of studying the historical process of evolution. * Genetics * Section 5.Levels of Genetic Analysis Geneticists approach their science from different points of view —from that of a gene, a DNA molecule, or a population of organism. * Genetics * Classical Genetics The period prior to the discovery of the structure of DNA is often spoken of as the ear of classical genetics (经典遗传学). During this time, geneticists pursued their science by analyzing the outcomes of crosses between different strains of organisms, much as Mendel had done in his work with peas. * Genetics * In this type of analysis, genes are identified by studying the inheritance of trait differences—tall pea plant versus short pea plant, for example—in the offspring of crosses (杂交). The trait (性状) differences are due to the alternate forms of genes. Sometimes more than one gene influences a trait, and sometimes environmental conditions—for example, temperature and nutrition—exert an effect. * Genetics * The classical approach to the study of genes can also be coordinated with studies on the structure and behavior of chromosomes, which are the cellular entities that contains genes. By analyzing patterns of inheritance, geneticists can localize genes to specific chromosome—a practice called chromosome mapping. Because these studies emphasize the transmission of genes and chromosomes form one generation to the next, they are often referred to as exercises in transmission genetics (传递遗传学). * Genetics * However, classical genetics is not limited to the analysis of gene and chromosome transmission. It also studies the nature of the genetic material—how it controls traits and how it mutates. * Genetics * Molecular Genetics We will present examples of molecular genetic analysis in Molecular Biology in next semester! * Genetics * Population Geneti