商务英语语用学教程课件 Chapter 2 Speech Act Theory(1).pptVIP

W: Thats the phone. H: Im taking a shower. W: Okay. Would you please answer the phone? I couldnt since... In this case, I will go and get it. → → → I feel extremely cold. Speech act theory Classification of speech acts Speech act theory Searles classification representatives 阐述类 e.g.: Im an English major. directives 指令类 e.g.: What about closing the door? commissives 承诺类 e.g.: Ill take you to the zoo this sunday. expressives 表达类 e.g.: May you succeed! declarations 宣告类 e.g.: I now declare the meeting open. Speech act theory Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point, but differ in their strength. representatives/assertives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true (stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing are...) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something (inviting, suggesting, requestin, advising, warning, threatening, ordering...) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action (promising, undertaking, vowing...) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state (apologizing, thanking, congratulating...) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something Speech act theory 1. Mr. Darcy is always polite. 2. I will never see her again. 3. I thank you for explaining it so fully. 4. Lady Catherine threatens her by declaring: Do not expect to be noticed by his family or friends. 5. You ought to make some kind of remark on the size of the room, or the number of the couples. representative commissive expressive declaration directive Speech act theory The five general functions of speech acts Propositional content Direction of fit S=speaker, X=situation Declarations words change the world S causes X Representatives make words fit the world S believes X Expressives make words fit the world S feels X Directives make the world fit words S wants X Commissives make the world fit words S intends X Speech act the