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Chapter 10
Externalities
Private Solutions to Externalities
•The types of private solutions
• Moral codes and social sanctions
• Charities
• Self‐interest of the relevant parties
• Integrating different types of businesses
• Interested parties can enter into a contract
Private Solutions to Externalities
•The Coase theorem
• If private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources
• They can solve the problem of externalities on their own
•Whatever the initial distribution of rights
• Interested parties can reach a bargain in which
• Everyone is better off
• Outcome is efficient
Private Solutions to Externalities
1. Dick has the legal right to keep a barking dog.
–Dick gets a $500 benefit from the dog
–Jane bears an $800 cost from the barking
–Efficient outcome:
•Jane can offer Dick $600 to get rid of the dog
• Dick will gladly accept
Private Solutions to Externalities
2. Dick has the legal right to keep a barking dog.
–Dick gets a $1,000 benefit from the dog
–Jane bears an $800 cost from the barking
–Efficient outcome:
•Dick turns down any offer below $1,000
•Jane will not offer any amount above $800
•Dick keeps the dog
Private Solutions to Externalities
3. Jane can legally compel Dick to get rid of the dog
–Dick can offer to pay Jane to allow him to keep the dog
•If the benefit of the dog to Dick exceeds the cost of the barking
to Jane
•Then Dick and Jane will strike a bargain in which Dick keeps the
dog
Private Solutions to Externalities
•Why private solutions do not always work
• High transaction costs
• Costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain
• Bargaining simply breaks down
• Large number of interested parties
• Coordinating everyone is costly
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