新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter-Three-Morphology.docVIP

word word PAGE / NUMPAGES word Chapter Three Morphology形态学 一、定义 1. Morphology形态学：the study of the internal structure of words (内部争辩), and the rules by which words are formed. 对单词的内部结构和单词构成规章的争辩。 2. Morpheme 词素：The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. 最小的语言单位,携带信息的意义或功能。 二、学问点 3.2 Distinctions between open and close classes word 1. Open class words开放性词类: In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are content words of a language.，which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly. 在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大局部。他们是一门语言中的实义词，由于我们经常可以在这类词中参加新词，所以他们有时也称开放性词类。 2. Close classes word封闭性词类：Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added , therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words. 构成连词、介词、冠词和代词的词相对较少，通常不添加新词，所以被称为封闭性词类。 ~?~ 3.3 Morphemes—the minimal units of meaning最小的意义单位 一. Free Morpheme自由词素: A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.自由词素有着完整的语义，它们被称为自由语素是因为它们可以作为单词独立使用。(Eg. 如helpful中的help就是自由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单词来使用。自由词素除了可以作为独立的单词使用以外，它们也可以和其它语素相结合构成单词。) 二. Bound morphemes黏着词素: The morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme. 黏着词素，顾名思义，是必需黏附在其它语素上构成单词，它们不能作为单词独立使用。〔如,helpful中的-ful就是一个黏着词素。1.黏着词素可以和自由词素结合构成单词，如 child+ish。2.也可以和黏着语素结合构成单词,如pre+dict。〕 3.4 Analyzing word structures分析词的结构 1 .Roots词根：The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. 词根由词的核心它和携带的主要意义构成。〔词根是单词的一局部，尽管它们有着明确的语义，但是它们不能单独使用，必需和其它语素或词根结合使用构成单词。例如； 在单词 antecedent 中，ante- 是前缀，表示 before, -ced-是词根，意思是go, -ent是后缀,表示a thing or a person。〕Roots belongs to a lexical category词的范畴：nouns(N), verbs(V), adjectives(A) and prepositions(P). 2. Affixes词缀：Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme. 与词根不同，词缀不属于一个词汇范畴,它总是粘词素。〔eg. 词缀-er是一个粘着词素，与动词例如teach 组成teacher：一个训练的人，即老师，