计算机组成与结构：chapter13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers.pptVIP

Computer Organization ArchitectureChapter 13Reduced Instruction Set Computers Major Advances in ComputersThe family conceptIBM System/360 (1964), and then DEC PDP-8Same architecture but different implementationsMicroporgrammed control unitIdea by Wilkes 1951Produced by IBM S/360 1964Cache memoryIBM S/360 model 85 1969MicroprocessorsIntel 4004 1971PipeliningIntroduces parallelism into fetch execute cycleMultiple processors The Next Step - RISCWhat is RISCReduced Instruction Set ComputerKey featuresLarge number of general purpose registers or use of compiler technology to optimize register useLimited and simple instruction set with a fixed formatEmphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline Comparison of processors 13.1 Instruction execution characteristicsDriving force for CISCSoftware costs far exceed hardware costsIncreasingly complex high level languages (HLL)Semantic gapLeads toLarge instruction setsMore addressing modesHardware implementations of HLL statementsIntention of CISCEase compiler writingImprove execution efficiencyComplex operations in microcodeSupport more complex HLLs Execution CharacteristicsOperations performedOperands usedExecution sequencingStudies have been done based on programs written in HLLsDynamic studies are measured during the execution of the program OperationsAssignmentsMovement of dataConditional statements (IF, LOOP)Sequence controlProcedure call-return is very time consumingSome HLL instruction lead to many machine code operationsOperandsMainly local scalar variablesOptimisation should concentrate on accessing local variables Procedure CallsVery time consumingDepends on number of parameters passedDepends on level of nestingThe number of words used by per procedure call is not largeMost variables are localMost programs do not do a lot of calls followed by lots of returns(c.f. locality of reference) ImplicationsBest support is given by optimising most used and most time consuming featuresLarge number of registersOperand referen