COPD的定义、发病机制和诊断.pptVIP

The animation begins with the alveolus fully inflated. Over the course of a normal exhalation, the alveolus fully deflates. With inhalation, the alveolus re-inflates. In COPD, irreversible damage causes the alveolar walls and supports to lose elasticity compared with the normal condition. The airways are partly collapsed and occluded, an effect made worse by reversible cholinergic constriction.1 As a result, deflation is slower, and so the alveolus only partly deflates over the course of an exhalation. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. 2001. /workshop/toc.html. Accessed: 14 November 2003. In the normal state, inhalation is balanced by exhalation. There is no dynamic hyperinflation. COPD patients suffer from reduced expiratory flow. As a result, the lungs may not fully empty before the next breath begins. This is particularly likely if the patient has to breathe faster as a result of physical activity.1 Because the lungs do not fully empty, they become progressively over inflated with each breath. This process is known as air trapping, which leads to hyperinflation.1 Air trapping reduces the ability of the patient to breathe in, which causes the sensation of breathlessness that typifies the disease. ODonnell DE, Webb K. The etiology of dyspnea during exercise in COPD. Pulmonary and Critical Care Update 14, Lesson 15./downloads/education/online/Vol14_13_18.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2004. ? M Saetta New * 1．症状： (1)慢性咳嗽：首发症状。初起咳嗽呈间歇性，早晨较重，后早晚或整日均有咳嗽，但夜间咳嗽并不明显。少数病例咳嗽不伴咳痰。少数病例虽有明显气流受限、但无咳嗽症状。 (2)咳痰：咳嗽后通常咳少量黏液性痰，部分患者在清晨较多；合并感染时痰量增多，常有脓性痰。 * (3)气短或呼吸困难： 标志性症状，焦虑不安的主要原因，早期于劳力时出现，后渐加重，日常活动甚至休息时也感气短。 (4)喘息和胸闷： 不是特异性症状。部分患者，特别是重度患者有喘息；胸部紧闷感通常于劳力后发生，与呼吸费力、肋间肌等容性收缩有关。 * 2．病史特征： (1)吸烟史：多有长期较大量吸烟史。 (2)职业性、环境有害物质接触史： (3)家族史：COPD　有家族聚集倾向。 (4)发病年龄及好发季节：中年后发病，好发于秋冬寒冷季节，常有反复呼吸道感染及急性加重史。随病情进展，急性加重愈渐频繁。 (5)慢性肺原性心脏病史：后期出现低氧血症和(或)高