罗伯特·S.平狄克-微观经济学（第九版）PindyckPPT_Ch.7.pptxVIP

MICROECONOMICSby Robert S. Pindyck Daniel RubinfeldNinth EditionCopyright ? 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 7 (1 of 2)The Cost of ProductionCHAPTER OUTLINE7.1 Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?7.2 Cost in the Short Run7.3 Cost in the Long Run7.4 Long-Run versus Short-Run Cost Curves7.5 Production with Two Outputs—Economies of Scope7.6 Dynamic Changes in Costs—The Learning Curve7.7 Estimating and Predicting CostAppendix: Production and Cost Theory—A Mathematical TreatmentLIST OF EXAMPLES7.1 Choosing the Location for a New Law School Building7.2 Sunk, Fixed, and Variable Costs: Computers, Software, and Pizzas7.3 The Short-Run Cost of Aluminum Smelting7.4 The Effect of Effluent Fees on Input Choices7.5 Reducing the Use of Energy7.6 Tesla’s Battery Costs7.7 Economies of Scope in the Trucking Industry7.8 The Learning Curve in Practice7.9 Cost Functions for Electric Power 7.1 Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?(1 of 9)Economic Cost versus Accounting Costaccounting cost Actual expenses plus depreciation charges for capital equipment.economic cost Cost to a firm of utilizing economic resources in production.Opportunity Costopportunity cost Cost associated with opportunities forgone when a firm’s resources are not put to their best alternative use.The concept of opportunity cost is particularly useful in situations where alternatives that are forgone do not reflect monetary outlays.Economic cost = Opportunity cost 7.1 Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? (2 of 9)Sunk Costssunk cost Expenditure that has been made and cannot be recovered.Because a sunk cost cannot be recovered, it should not influence the firm’s decisions.For example, if specialized equipment for a plant cannot be converted for alternative use, the expenditure on this equipment is a sunk cost. Because it has no alternative use, its opportunity cost is zero. Thus it should not be included as part of the firm’s economic costs.A prospective sunk cost is an investment. Here t