罗伯特·S.平狄克-微观经济学（第九版）PindyckPPT_Ch.9.pptxVIP

MICROECONOMICSby Robert S. Pindyck Daniel RubinfeldNinth EditionCopyright ? 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 9The Analysis of Competitive MarketsIn this chapter we return to supply–demand analysis to show how it can be applied to a wide variety of problems, including situations in which: a consumer faced with a purchasing decisiona firm faced with a long-range planning problema government agency that has to design a policy and evaluate its likely impactWe also use consumer and producer surplus to demonstrate the efficiency of a competitive market.CHAPTER OUTLINE9.1 Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies—Consumer and Producer Surplus9.2 The Efficiency of Competitive Markets9.3 Minimum Prices9.4 Price Supports and Production Quotas9.5 Import Quotas and Tariffs9.6 The Impact of a Tax or SubsidyLIST OF EXAMPLES9.1 Price Controls and Natural Gas Shortages9.2 The Market for Human Kidneys9.3 Airline Regulation9.4 Supporting the Price of Wheat9.5 Why Can’t I Find a Taxi?9.6 The Sugar Quota9.7 A Tax on Gasoline 9.1 Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies—Consumer and Producer Surplus (1 of 4)Review of Consumer and Producer SurplusFIGURE 9.1 (1 of 2)CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUSConsumer A would pay $10 for a good whose market price is $5 and therefore enjoys a benefit of $5.Consumer B enjoys a benefit of $2, and Consumer C, who values the good at exactly the market price, enjoys no benefit.Consumer surplus, which measures the total benefit to all consumers, is the yellow-shaded area between the demand curve and the market price. 9.1 Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies—Consumer and Producer Surplus (2 of 4)Review of Consumer and Producer SurplusFIGURE 9.1 (2 of 2)CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUSProducer surplus measures the total profits of producers, plus rents to factor inputs. It is the benefit that lower-cost producers enjoy by selling at the market price, shown by the green-shaded are