光电材料教学课件电子教案全套课件.pptx

第四章 固体材料的宏观光学性质 OverviewThe study of the optical properties of materials is a huge field and we will only be able to touch on some of the most basic partsSo we will consider the essential properties such as absorption/reflection/transmission and refraction Then we will look at other phenomena like luminescence and fluorescenceFinally we will mention applications, in particular optical fibres and lasers Nature of lightLight is an electromagnetic wave:with a velocity given by c?=?1/?(?0?0) = 3 x 108 m/sIn view of this, it is not surprising that the electric field component of the wave should interact with electrons electrostaticallyastronomynotes/light/emanim.gif Many of the electronic properties of materials, information on the bonding, material composition etc. was discovered using spectroscopy, the study of absorbed or emitted radiationevidence for energy levels in atomsevidence for energy bands and band-gapsphotoelectric effect General description of absorptionBecause of conservation of energy, we can say that I0 = IT + IA + IRIo is the intensity (W/m2) of incident light and subscripts refer to transmitted, absorbed or reflectedAlternatively T + A + R = 1 where T, A, and R are fractions of the amount of incident lightT = IT/I0, etc.So materials are broadly classed astransparent:relatively little absorption and reflectiontranslucent:light scattered within the material (see right)opaque:relatively little transmissiontekano.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/tekano/translucent.jpg If the material is not perfectly transparent, the intensity decreases exponentially with distanceConsider a small thickness of material, ?xThe fall of intensity in ?x is ?I so ?I = -a.?x.Iwhere ? is the absorption coefficient (dimensions are m-1)In the limit of ?x ? 0, we getThe solution of which is I?=?I0?exp(–?x)Taking “ln” of both sides, we have:which is known as Lambert’s Law (he also has a unit of light intensity named for him) Thus, if we can plot -ln(I) against x, we should find ? from the grad