《化学工程与工艺专业英语》翻译整理.pdfVIP

Unit1ChemicalIndustry

化学工业

l.OriginsoftheChemicalIndustry

Althoughtheuseofchemicalsdatesbacktotheancientcivilizations,theevolutionofwhat

weknowasthemodernchemicalindustrystartedmuchmorerecently.Itmaybeconsidered

tohavebegunduringtheIndustrialRevolution,about18,anddevelopedtoprovide

chemicalsroeusebyotherindustries.Examplesarealkaliforsoapmaking,bleachingpowder

forcotton,andsilicaandsodiumcarbonateforglassmaking.Itwillbenotedthattheseareall

inorganicchemicals.Theorganicchemicalsindustrystartedinthe1860swiththe

exploitationofWilliamHenryPerkin(sdiscoveryifthefirstsyntheticdyestuff—mauve.Atthe

startofthetwentiethcenturytheemphasisonresearchontheappliedaspectsofchemistry

inGermanyhadpaidoffhandsomely,andby1914hadresultedintheGermanchemical

industryhaving75%oftheworldmarketinchemicals.Thiswasbasedonthediscoveryof

newdyestuffsplusthedevelopmentofboththecontactprocessforsulphuricacidandthe

Haberprocessforammonia.Thelaterrequiredamajortechnologicalbreakthroughthatof

beingabletocarryoutchemicalreactionsunderconditionsofveryhighpressureforthefirst

time.TheexperiencegainedwiththiswastostandGermanyingoodstead,particularlywith

therapidlyincreaseddemandfornitrogen-basedcompounds(ammoniumsaltsforfertilizers

andnitricacidforexplosivesmanufacture)withtheoutbreakofworldwarIin1914.This

initiatedprofoundchangeswhichcontinuedduringtheinter-waryears(1918-1939).

1.化学工业的起源

尽管化学品的运用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是特别

近代(才起先的)。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工

业部门供应化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所

用的硅及Na2c03.我们会留意到全部这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的起先是在十九世六

十年头以WilliamHenryPerkin发觉第一种合成染料一苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标记的。20

世初，德国花费大量资金用于好用化学方面的重点探讨，到1914年，德国的化学工业在

世界化