(11)--Ch6 拓展阅读：箭毒蛙毒素综述.pdf

Chapter21

AReviewofChemicalDefenseinPoison

Frogs(Dendrobatidae):Ecology,

Pharmacokinetics,andAutoresistance

JuanC.Santos,RebeccaD.Tarvin,andLaurenA.O’Connell

21.1Introduction

Chemicaldefensehasevolvedmultipletimesinnearlyeverymajorgroupoflife,

fromsnakesandinsectstobacteriaandplants(Mebs2002).However,amongland

vertebrates,chemicaldefensesarerestrictedtoafewmonophyleticgroups(i.e.,

clades).Mostoftheseareamphibiansandsnakes,butafewrareorigins(e.g.,Pitohui

birds)havestimulatedresearchonacquiredchemicaldefenses(Dumbacheretal.

1992).Selectivepressuresthatleadtodefenseareusuallyassociatedwithanorgan-

ism’slimitedabilitytoescapepredationorconspicuousbehaviorsandphenotypes

thatincreasedetectabilitybypredators(e.g.,diurnalityormatingcalls)(Speedand

Ruxton2005).Defendedorganismsfrequentlyevolvewarningsignalstoadvertise

theirdefense,aphenomenonknownasaposematism(Mappesetal.2005).Warning

signalssuchasconspicuouscolorationunambiguouslyinformpredatorsthatthere

willbeasubstantialcostiftheyproceedwithattackorconsumptionofthedefended

prey(Mappesetal.2005).However,aposematismislikelymorecomplexthanthe

simplepairingofsignalanddefense,encompassingaseriesoftraits(i.e.,theapose-

maticsyndrome)thataltermorphology,physiology,andbehavior(Mappesand

J.C.Santos(*)

DepartmentofZoology,BiodiversityResearchCentre,UniversityofBritishColumbia,

#4200-6270UniversityBlvd,Vancouver,BC,Canada,V6T1Z4

e-mail:infraguttatus@

R.D.Tarvin

UniversityofTexasatAustin,2415SpeedwayStopC0990,Austin,TX78712,USA

e-mail:rdtarvin@

L.A.O’Connell

CenterforSystemsBiology,HarvardUniversity,

NorthwestLabs359.30,52OxfordStreet,Cambridge,MA02138,USA

e-mail:aloconnell@

©SpringerInternationalP