第十七章细胞的社会联系精要.ppt

● 半纤维素(hemicellulose) 是由几种不同类型的单糖构成的异质多聚体。 作用是结合在纤维素微纤维的表面,并且相互连接，构成了坚硬的细胞相互连接的网络。 ● 果胶(pectin) 果胶是由半乳糖醛酸和它的衍生物组成的多聚体。 作用主要是连接相邻细胞壁，并可缓冲细胞间的挤压。 除此之外还有木质素和糖蛋白 ■ 植物细胞壁的功能 ● 增加细胞强度，提供支持功能； ● 信息储存库的功能：产生多种寡糖素作为信号物质，或抵抗病、虫害, 或作为细胞生长和发育的信号物质。 Adhere, interact and communicate * 细胞粘着是细胞连接的起始,细胞连接是细胞粘着的发展。从时间上看,粘着在先,连接在后。从结构上看,细胞粘着涉及的分子较少、范围局部、结构简单;而细胞连接涉及的蛋白分子较多、范围广、结构复杂,结合的紧密程度高。 * A: cadherin function in stratifying epithelium of the skin. Loss of all classical cadherins (E- and P-cadherin) in this tissue results in loosening of the intercellular contacts associated with loss of epidermal barrier function. B: loss of cadherin expression in epithelia results in loosening of contacts and the acquisition of more migratory behavior. This is a key feature of cells that undergo epithelial/mesenchymal transition. Vice versa, E-cadherin expression is induced during mesenchymal-epithelial transition, resulting in increased cellular adhesion and an epithelial appearance. EMT and MET are important processes not only during morphogenesis, but they also contribute to carcinogenesis. C: synapse formation. Loss of cadherins affects neuronal transmission and connectivity. Cadherin adhesive interactions are crucial for proper synapse formation between neurons as well as the neuromuscular junctions. D: cadherins are required for the establishment of stable adherens junctions during morphogenetic movements. In C. elegans during ventral closure, the embryonic epidermis spreads from the dorsal side, and the leading cells of the two free edges meet at the ventral midline to enclose the embryo (left side). The leading edge cells extend filopodial protrusions that rapidly establish stable adherens junctions upon contact with an opposite filopodia, thereby rapidly increasing the contact sites between opposite cells resulting in sealing of the sheet. In the absence of the cadherin/catenin complex, embryos are unable to form adherens junctions between oppo