专业英语 第7章第一篇.docVIP

DeepFoundations(深基础) Nearly every civil engineering structure-building, bridge, highway, tunnel, wall, tower, canal, or dam-must be founded in or on the surface of the earth. To perform satisfactorily each structure must have a proper foundation. When firm soil is not near the ground surface, a common means of transferring the weight of a structure to the ground is through vertical members such as piles, piers, or caissons. These terms do not have sharp definitions that distinguish one from another. Deep foundations are those where the soil support is applied at some depth below the usable portion of the structure. 几乎每一个土木结构建筑，桥梁，公路，隧道，墙，塔，运河或水坝必须建立在或地球表面上。为了执行令人满意的结构必须有一个适当的基础。当坚固的土不在地面附近，常用手段是通过垂直构件如桩，墩，或沉箱传送结构到地面的重量的。这些术语没有明显的定义他们之间的区别。深基础是结构以下有用的部分用一定的深度土支撑。 Generally, caissons and piers are large in diameter than piles and are installed by driving. The weight of the building is carried through the soft soil to firm material below with essentially no part of the building load being applied to the soft soil. 通常，沉箱和墩的直径比桩大和通过打入安置。建筑物的重量是通过软土进行被施加到下面坚硬的物质，基本上软土没有承受荷载。 Piles are structural members that are made of steel, concrete, and/or timber. They are used to build pile foundations, which are deep and which cost more than shallow foundations. Despite the COST the use of piles often becomes necessary to : ensure that the structure under consideration is safe. Following is a list of some of the conditions that require pile foundations : 桩是由钢、混凝土和/或木材制作的结构构件。它们被用于构建桩基础，它们深而且它的成本比浅基础多。尽管成本，采用桩往往成为必要的：确保所考虑的结构是安全的。以下是一些需要桩基础条件的清单： (1 ) When the upper soil layer is highly, compressible and too weak to support the load transmitted by the superstructure, piles are used to transmit. The load to underlying bedrock or a stronger soil layer. This is shown in fig7-1 (. a). When bedrock is not located at a reasonable depth below the ground surface, piles · are used to transmit the structural load to the soil gradually. The resistance to the applied structural load