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A Model for stress generation and relief in oxide — Metal systems during a temperature change.pdf

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A Model for stress generation and relief in oxide — Metal systems during a temperature change

Oxidation of Metals, Vol. 32, Nos. 5/6, 1989 A Model for Stress Generation and Relief in Oxide-Metal Systems During a Temperature Change John J. Barnes,*t John G. Goedjen,* and David A. Shores* Received July 8, 198 revised June 22, 1989 When an oxidized metal is cooled from a high temperature, stresses are produced at the metal-scale interface, owing to the difference in thermal expansion rates of the oxide and metal Such stresses become time- and temperature-dependent if the scale or underlying metal creeps as cooling occurs. A model is presented which describes thermally induced stresses in the scale and accounts for partial stress relaxation by creep of the metal substrate and/or the scale. The expected stresses are a function of the material parameters: thermal expansion coefficients, elastic modulii, and creep rates of both metal and scale. To illustrate a range of behaviors, we have presented example calculations for three Cr203- forming metals, Ni-3OCr, pure Cr, and MA-754. The effect of stress relaxation during thermal cycling was also examined briefly. In these examples, creep of the Cre03 scale was not expected to be important. KEY WORDS: scale stresses; creep; thermal cycling; stress model. I N T R O D U C T I O N Good high-temperature alloys and alloy coatings protect themselves against oxidation and corrosion by forming a compact, adherent oxide scale. In many industrial applications these scales may be degraded by various chemical and /o r mechanical processes. However, even in a clean environ- ment, the mechanical integrity of the oxide is threatened by the stresses *Minnesota Corrosion Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. tPresent address: Haynes International Inc., 1020 West Park Avenue, Kokomo, Indiana 46901. 449 0030-770X/89/1200-0449506.00i0 9 1989 Plenum Publishing Corporation 450 Barnes, Goedjen, and Shores generated during oxidation. These stresses may lead to cracki