陈永杰 社会政策（英语）Lecture 4 Employment Policy in China.pptxVIP

Employment Policy in China Dr Jack Chan To examine key features of employment policy and its effects in the Mao era To discuss the evolution of employment policy during market transition To analyze the latest employment policies To critique the interaction of state, market, and labour in employment policy To analyze the position of Chinese Labour under Global Capitalism 2 Objectives Universal employment policy (全民就業政策) Right to work guaranteed for all labourers Job assignment system in urban areas State monopoly of labour resources allocation No job choice for workers No right of refusal by the individual or work unit Underemployment, over-manning and labour hoarding by work units (danwei 單位) 3 Employment Policy under Mao Workers enjoyed life tenure (iron rice-bowl 鐵飯碗) No work incentive Comprehensive welfare (wages, housing, health care, social security, welfare amenities provided by work units) High costs to work units and the state, total dependence of workers on danwei, deters labour mobility 4 Employment Policy under Mao Work allocation in People’s Communes All rural labourers assigned to people’s communes /production brigades /teams Peasants lost their economic sovereignty Work assigned by production teams and use of work points (工分) as basis of allocation Poor work incentive and productivity Egalitarian distribution of grain and income No work incentive No right to move to urban areas Stunted life chances, low income 5 Employment Policy under Mao Employment practice reforms Replaced life tenure with labour contract system from 1986 - End of iron rice-bowl Legalize lay offs - Massive redundancies Permit early retirement - Discrimination against older workers and women 6 Employment Policy in Transition (mid-1980s to 1990s) Creation of labour markets Encourage labour mobility Delink social security and welfare benefits from enterprises - Establish Social Insurance Bureaus (社會保險局) at city/county level) Provide employment training 7 Employment Policy