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Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis英文文献资料.doc

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Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation ClinicalandDevelopmentalImmunology Volume2008,ArticleID723539,15pages doi:10.1155/2008/723539 ReviewArticle Antigen-InducedImmunomodulationin thePathogenesisofAtherosclerosis NataliaMilioti,1AlexandraBermudez-Fajardo,1ManuelL.Penichet,2,3andErnestoOviedo-Orta1 1 2 3 FacultyofHeathandMedicalSciences,UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,SurreyGU27XH,UK DepartmentofSurgery,DavidGe?enSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA90095-6904,USA DepartmentofMicrobiology,Immunology,andMolecularGenetics,DavidGe?enSchoolofMedicine, UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA90095-1678,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoErnestoOviedo-Orta,e.oviedo-orta@surrey.ac.uk Received17December2007;Revised2April2008;Accepted30April2008 RecommendedbyShyamMohapatra Atherosclerosisisachronicin?ammatorydisordercharacterisedbytheaccumulationofmonocytes/macrophages,smoothmuscle cells,andlymphocyteswithinthearterialwallinresponsetothereleaseofproin?ammatorymolecules.Suchaccumulationresults intheformationoftheatheroscleroticplaque,whichwouldeventuallyevolvetocomplicationssuchastotalarteryocclusion, rupture,calci?cation,oraneurysm.Althoughthemolecularmechanismresponsibleforthedevelopmentofatherosclerosisis notcompletelyunderstood,itisclearthattheimmunesystemplaysakeyroleinthedevelopmentoftheatheroscleroticplaque andinitscomplications.Therearemultipleantigenicstimulithathavebeenassociatedwiththepathogenesisofatherosclerosis. Mostofthesestimulicomefrommodi?edself-moleculessuchasoxidisedlow-densitylipoproteins(oxLDLs),beta2glycoprotein1 (β2GP1),lipoproteina(LP(a)),heatshockproteins(HSPs),andproteincomponentsoftheextracellularmatrixsuchascollagen and?brinogenintheformofadvancedglycation-end(AGE)products.Inaddition,severalforeignantigensincludingbacteria suchasPorphyromonasgingivalisandChlamydiapneumoniaeandvirusessuchasenterovirusandcytomegalovirushavebeen associatedwithatherosclerosisaspotentiallycausativeorbystanderparticipants,addinganotherlevelofcomplexitytotheanalysis o