Assessing the Hydrological Conditions of the Usangu Wetlands in Tanzania英文文献资料.docVIP

Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2011, 3, 876-882 doi:10.4236/jwarp.2011.312097 Published Online December 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jwarp) Assessing the Hydrological Conditions of the Usangu Wetlands in Tanzania Shadrack Mwakalila Department of Geography, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania E-mail: smwakalila@ Received September 21, 2011; revised October 25, 2011; accepted November 27, 2011 Abstract Although wetlands make up less than 10% of Tanzania, their “critical, life support, ecosystem services” sus- tain over 95% of lives, of wildlife and of livestock. They provide security as sources of food, water, energy, economy and livelihoods, therefore, the aim of this paper is to address the current hydrologic conditions of Usangu wetlands. Several approaches were used in the collection of data for analysis. Both primary and sec- ondary data was collected and analysed. The key finding shows that, the overall area of the Usangu Wetlands is divided into two main portions, the Eastern Wetland and the Western Wetland, the core wetland, the Ihefu Swamp varies between 30 and 65 km km 2 , whereas the seasonally wetted areas varies between 260 and 1800 . Major perennial rivers which feed the Ihefu swamp in Usangu wetlands include Kimani, Mbalali, 2 Ndembera and the Great Ruaha River. The contribution from Mbalali River ranges between 69.17% and 47.78%; from Ndembera River ranges between 25% and 13.83%; from Kimani River ranges between 25% and 8.33% and from Great Ruaha River contribution ranges 24.0% and 2.96%. The irrigated agriculture is most important as a user of water and impacts most heavily on wetlands. Abstraction of water for agriculture is leading to dried up rivers, falling ground water tables, salinated soil and polluted waterways. Keywords: River Flows, Usangu Wetlands, Irrigation, Great Ruaha River 1. Introduction vices” sustain over 95% of our lives, our crops, our wild- life and our li