Effects of Non-Indigenous Oysters on Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning 英文参考文献.docVIP

EffectsofNon-IndigenousOystersonMicrobialDiversity andEcosystemFunctioning DannielleS.Green1*,BasBoots2,TasmanP.Crowe1 1Marine Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, 2School of Biosystems Engineering,UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland Abstract Invasiveecosystemengineerscanphysicallyandchemicallyalterthereceivingenvironment,therebyaffectingbiodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, invasive throughout much of the world, can establish dense populations monopolising shorelines and possibly altering ecosystem processes including decomposition and nutrient cycling. The effects of increasing cover of invasive C. gigas on ecosystem processes and associated microbial + assemblagesinmud-flatsweretestedexperimentallyinthefield.Pore-waternutrients(NH4 andtotaloxidisednitrogen), sedimentchlorophyllcontent,microbialactivity,totalcarbonandnitrogen,andcommunityrespiration(CO2andCH4 )were measured to assess changes in ecosystem functioning. Assemblages of bacteria and functionally important microbes, including methanogens, methylotrophs and ammonia-oxidisers were assessed in the oxic and anoxic layers of sediment using terminal restriction length polymorphism of the bacterial 16S rRNA, mxaF, amoA and archaeal mcrA genes respectively.Athighercovers(40and80%)ofoysterstherewassignificantlygreatermicrobialactivity,increasedchlorophyll content,CO2(13foldgreater)andCH4(6foldgreater)emissionfromthesedimentcomparedtomud-flatswithoutC.gigas. At 10% cover, C. gigas increased the concentration of total oxidised nitrogen and altered the assemblage structure of + ammonia-oxidisersandmethanogens.Concentrationsofpore-waterNH4 wereincreasedbyC.gigasregardlessofcover. Invasivespeciescanalterecosystemfunctioningnotonlydirectly,butalsoindirectly,byaffectingmicrobialcommunities vital for the maintenance of ecosystem processes, but the nature and magnitude of