Occurrence of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus Complex in Napa Valley 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Occurrence of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus Complex in Napa Valley 英文参考文献.doc

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Occurrence of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus Complex in Napa Valley 英文参考文献

OccurrenceofGrapevineLeafroll-AssociatedVirus ComplexinNapaValley AbhineetM.Sharma1,JinboWang1,SiobainDuffy2,SimingZhang1,MichelleK.Wong1,ArashRashed3, MonicaL.Cooper4,KentM.Daane1,RodrigoP.P.Almeida1* 1Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management. University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, 2Department of Ecology, EvolutionandNaturalResources,SchoolofEnvironmentalandBiologicalSciences,RutgersUniversity,NewBrunswick,NewJersey,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3TexasAM AgriLife Research, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America, 4Viticulture Farm Advisor and County Director, University of California, Cooperative Extension, Napa, California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Grapevineleafrolldisease(GLD)iscausedbyacomplexofseveralvirusspecies(grapevineleafroll-associatedviruses,GLRaV) in the family Closteroviridae. Because of its increasing importance, it is critical to determine which species of GLRaV is predominantineachregionwherethisdiseaseisoccurring.Astructuredsamplingdesign,utilizingacombinationofRT-PCR basedtestingandsequencingmethods,wasusedtosurveyGLRaVsinNapaValley(California,USA)vineyards(n=36).Of the216samplestestedforGLRaV-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,and-9,62%(n=134)wereGLRaVpositive.Ofthepositives,81%(n=109) weresingleinfectionswithGLRaV-3,followedbyGLRaV-2(4%,n=5),whiletheremainingsamples(15%,n=20)weremixed infectionsofGLRaV-3withGLRaV-1,2,4,or9.Additionally,468samplesweretestedforgeneticvariantsofGLRaV-3,andof the65%(n=306)ofsamplespositiveforGLRaV-3,22%wereinfectedwithmultipleGLRaV-3variants.Phylogeneticanalysis utilizing sequence data from the single infection GLRaV-3 samples produced seven well-supported GLRaV-3 variants, of which three represented 71% of all GLRaV-3 positive samples in Napa Valley. Furthermore, two novel variants, which groupedwithadivergentisolatefromNewZealand(NZ-1),wereidentified,andthesevariantscomprised6%ofallpositive GLRaV-3 samples. Spatial analyses showed that GLRaV-3a, 3b, and 3c were not homogeneously di