Oldest Evidence of Toolmaking Hominins in a Grassland-Dominated Ecosystem 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Oldest Evidence of Toolmaking Hominins in a Grassland-Dominated Ecosystem 英文参考文献.doc

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Oldest Evidence of Toolmaking Hominins in a Grassland-Dominated Ecosystem 英文参考文献

OldestEvidenceofToolmakingHomininsinaGrassland- DominatedEcosystem ThomasW.Plummer1*,PeterW.Ditchfield2,LauraC.Bishop3,JohnD.Kingston4,JosephV.Ferraro5, DavidR.Braun6,FritzHertel7,RichardPotts8,9 1DepartmentofAnthropology,QueensCollegeandNYCEP,Flushing,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2ResearchLaboratoryforArchaeologyandtheHistoryofArt, UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom,3ResearchCentreinEvolutionaryAnthropologyandPalaeoecology,SchoolofNaturalSciencesandPsychology,Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 4Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 5Department of Anthropology,BaylorUniversity,Waco,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,6DepartmentofArchaeology,UniversityofCapeTown,Rondebsoch,SouthAfrica,7Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America, 8Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica,9PaleontologySection,EarthSciencesDepartment,NationalMuseumsofKenya,Nairobi,Kenya Abstract Background: Major biological and cultural innovations in late Pliocene hominin evolution are frequently linked to the spreadorfluctuatingpresenceofC4grassinAfricanecosystems.Whereasthedeepsearecordofglobalclimaticchange provides indirect evidence for anincrease in C4 vegetation with ashift towardsa cooler, drier andmore variable global climatic regime beginning approximately 3 million years ago (Ma), evidence for grassland-dominated ecosystems in continentalAfricaandhomininactivitieswithinsuchecosystemshavebeenlacking. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Wereportstableisotopicanalysesofpedogeniccarbonatesandungulateenamel,aswell as faunal data from ,2.0 Ma archeological occurrences at Kanjera South, Kenya. These document repeated hominin activitieswithinagrassland-dominatedecosystem. Conclusions/Significance: These data demonstrate what hitherto had been speculated based on indirect evidence: t