Restriction of HIV-1 Genotypes in Breast Milk Does Not Account for the Population Transmission Genetic Bottleneck That Occurs following Transmission 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Restriction of HIV-1 Genotypes in Breast Milk Does Not Account for the Population Transmission Genetic Bottleneck That Occurs following Transmission 英文参考文献.doc

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Restriction of HIV-1 Genotypes in Breast Milk Does Not Account for the Population Transmission Genetic Bottleneck That Occurs following Transmission 英文参考文献

RestrictionofHIV-1GenotypesinBreastMilkDoesNot AccountforthePopulationTransmissionGenetic BottleneckThatOccursfollowingTransmission LauraHeath1.,SusanConway2.,LauraJones2,KatherineSemrau3,KyleNakamura2,4,JanWalter2¤ ,W. DonDecker2,JasonHong2,ThomasChen2,MarinthaHeil5,MosesSinkala6,ChipepoKankasa7, DonaldM.Thea3,LouiseKuhn8,JamesI.Mullins1,9,GraceM.Aldrovandi2* 1Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 2Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, UnitedStatesofAmerica,3BostonUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth,Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaKeckSchoolof Medicine,LosAngeles,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,5DepartmentofMicrobiology,UniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham,Birmingham,Alabama,UnitedStatesof America,6LusakaDistrictHealthManagementTeam,Lusaka,Zambia,7UniversityTeachingHospital,UniversityofZambia,Lusaka,Zambia,8ColumbiaUniversity,New York,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,9DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:BreastmilktransmissionofHIV-1remainsamajorrouteofpediatricinfection.Definingthecharacteristicsof viralvariantstowhichbreastfeedinginfantsareexposedisimportantforunderstandingthegeneticbottleneckthatoccurs inthemajorityofmother-to-childtransmissions.Theblood-milkepithelialbarriermarkedlyrestrictsthequantityofHIV-1in breastmilk,evenintheabsenceofantiretroviraldrugs.Thebasisofthisrestrictionandthegeneticrelationshipbetween breastmilkandbloodvariantsarenotwellestablished. Methodology/Principal Findings: We compared 356 HIV-1 subtype C gp160 envelope (env) gene sequences from the plasma and breast milk of 13 breastfeeding women. A trend towards lower viral population diversity and divergence in breastmilkwasobserved,potentiallyindicativeofclonalexpansionwithinthebreast.NodifferencesinpotentialN-linked glycosylationsitenumbersoringp160variableloopaminoacidlengthswereidentified.Geneticcompa