Run-Off Replication of Host-Adaptability Genes Is Associated with Gene Transfer Agents in the Genome of Mouse-Infecting Bartonella grahamii 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Run-Off Replication of Host-Adaptability Genes Is Associated with Gene Transfer Agents in the Genome of Mouse-Infecting Bartonella grahamii 英文参考文献.doc

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Run-Off Replication of Host-Adaptability Genes Is Associated with Gene Transfer Agents in the Genome of Mouse-Infecting Bartonella grahamii 英文参考文献

Run-OffReplicationofHost-AdaptabilityGenesIs AssociatedwithGeneTransferAgentsintheGenomeof Mouse-InfectingBartonellagrahamii EvaC.Berglund1,A.CarolinFrank1¤a,AlexandraCalteau1¤b,OlgaVinnerePettersson1¤c ,Fredrik Granberg1,Ann-SofieEriksson1,KristinaNa¨slund1,MartinHolmberg2,HilleviLindroos1{,SivG.E. Andersson1* 1Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Infectious Diseases,UppsalaUniversityHospital,Uppsala,Sweden Abstract ThegenusBartonellacomprisesfacultativeintracellularbacteriaadaptedtomammals,includingpreviouslyrecognizedand emerging human pathogens. We report the 2,341,328bp genome sequence of Bartonella grahamii, one of the most prevalentBartonellaspeciesinwildrodents.Comparativegenomicsrevealedthatrodent-associatedBartonellaspecieshave highercopynumbersofgenesforputativehost-adaptabilityfactorsthantherelatedhuman-specificpathogens.Manyof thesegeneclustersarelocatedinahighlydynamicregionof461kb.UsinghybridizationtoamicroarraydesignedfortheB. grahamiigenome,weobservedamassive,putativelyphage-derivedrun-offreplicationofthisregion.Wealsoidentifieda novel gene transfer agent, which packages the bacterial genome, with an over-representation of the amplified DNA, in 14kbpieces.Thisisthefirstobservationassociatingtheproductsofrun-offreplicationwithagenetransferagent.Because of the high concentration of gene clusters for host-adaptation proteins in the amplified region, and since the genes encodingthegenetransferagentandthephageoriginarewellconservedinBartonella,wehypothesizethatthesesystems are driven by selection. We propose that the coupling of run-off replication with gene transfer agents promotes diversificationandrapidspreadofhost-adaptabilityfactors,facilitatinghostshiftsinBartonella. Citation:BerglundEC,FrankAC,CalteauA,VinnerePetterssonO,GranbergF,etal.(2009)Run-OffReplicationofHost-AdaptabilityGenesIsAssociatedwith GeneTransferAgentsintheGenomeofMouse-In