Safe From Harm Learned, Instructed, and Symbolic Generalization Pathways of Human Threat-Avoidance 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Safe From Harm Learned, Instructed, and Symbolic Generalization Pathways of Human Threat-Avoidance 英文参考文献.doc

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Safe From Harm Learned, Instructed, and Symbolic Generalization Pathways of Human Threat-Avoidance 英文参考文献

SafeFromHarm:Learned,Instructed,andSymbolic GeneralizationPathwaysofHumanThreat-Avoidance SimonDymond1*,MichaelW.Schlund2,3,4,BryanRoche5,JanDeHouwer6,GaryP.Freegard1 1Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 2Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 3Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 4Department of BehaviorAnalysis,UniversityofNorthTexas,Denton,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,5DepartmentofPsychology,NationalUniversityofIreland,Maynooth,Co.Kildare, Ireland,6DepartmentofPsychology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Abstract Avoidanceofthreateningorunpleasanteventsisusuallyanadaptivebehaviouralstrategy.Sometimes,however,avoidance canbecomechronicandleadtoimpaireddailyfunctioning.Excessivethreat-avoidanceisacentraldiagnosticfeatureof anxietydisorders,yetlittleisknownaboutwhetheravoidanceacquiredintheabsenceofadirecthistoryofconditioning withafearfuleventdiffersfromdirectlylearnedavoidance.Inthepresentstudy,wetestedwhetheravoidanceacquired indirectly via verbal instructions and symbolic generalization result in similar levels of avoidance behaviour and threat- beliefs to avoidance acquired after direct learning. Following fear conditioning in which one conditioned stimulus was pairedwithshock(CS+)andanotherwasnot(CS2),participantseitherlearnedorwereinstructedtomakearesponsethat cancelledimpendingshock.ThreegroupswerethentestedwithalearnedCS+andCS2(learnedgroup),instructedCS+ (instructedgroup),andgeneralizedCS+(derivedgroup)presentations.Resultsshowedsimilarlevelsofavoidancebehaviour andthreat-beliefratingsaboutthelikelihoodofshockacrosseachofthethreepathwaysdespitethedifferentmechanisms bywhichtheywereacquired.Findingshaveimplicationsforunderstandingtheaetiologyofclinicalavoidanceinanxiety. Citation:DymondS,SchlundMW,RocheB,DeHouwerJ,FreegardGP(2012)SafeFromHarm:Learned,Instructed,andSymbolicGene