Salmon Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Marine Environment 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Salmon Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Marine Environment 英文参考文献.doc

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Salmon Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Marine Environment 英文参考文献

SalmonAquacultureandAntimicrobialResistanceinthe MarineEnvironment AlejandroH.Buschmann1,AlexandraTomova2,AlejandraLo′pez1,MiguelA.Maldonado1, LuisA.Henr?′quez1,LarisaIvanova2,FredMoy3,HenryP.Godfrey3,FelipeC.Cabello2* 1Centroi,mar,UniversidaddeLosLagos,PuertoMontt,Chile,2DepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology,NewYorkMedicalCollege,Valhalla,NewYork,United StatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofPathology,NewYorkMedicalCollege,Valhalla,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Antimicrobialsusedinsalmonaquaculturepassintothemarineenvironment.Thiscouldhavenegativeimpactsonmarine environmental biodiversity, and on terrestrial animal and human health as a result of selection for bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes. We therefore measured the numbers of culturable bacteria and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in marine sediments in the Calbuco Archipelago, Chile, over 12-month period at a salmon aquaculture site approximately20mfromasalmonfarmandatacontrolsite8kmdistantwithoutobservableaquacultureactivities.Three antimicrobialsextensivelyusedinChileansalmonaquaculture(oxytetracycline,oxolinicacid,andflorfenicol)werestudied. Althoughnoneoftheseantimicrobialswasdetectedinsedimentsfromeithersite,tracesofflumequine,afluoroquinolone antimicrobialalsowidelyusedinChile,werepresentinsedimentsfrombothsitesduringthisperiod.Thereweresignificant increases in bacterial numbers and antimicrobial-resistant fractions to oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, and florfenicol in sedimentsfromtheaquaculturesitecomparedtothosefromthecontrolsite.Interestingly,thereweresimilarnumbersof presumably plasmid-mediated resistance genes for oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid and florfenicol in unselected marine bacteriaisolatedfrombothaquacultureandcontrolsites.Thesepreliminaryfindingsinonelocationmaysuggestthatthe currentuseoflargeamountsofantimicrobialsinChileanaquaculturehasthepotentialtoselectforantimicrobial-resistant bacteriainmarinesediments. Citation: Buschmann AH, Tomova A, Lo′pez A, Maldonado MA, He